The Spanish-American War & Buffalo: Part 1


The Broadway Arsenal, home of the 65th NYS National Guard, c. 1890. Image source: private collection.

The brief war that we call the Spanish-American War lasted from April to July, 1898. It was a war of choice for the U.S., which acted to force Spain out of Cuba and ended up with custody of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Phillipines before a peace treaty was signed in December, 1898. Tensions had been high for years between the U.S. and Spain regarding the treatment of the Cuban people by the occupiers. The U.S.S. Maine was sent to Havana harbor in January to safeguard Americans living in Cuba. It exploded in February 1898 from causes unknown but American newspapers quickly fanned the flames of outrage against the Spanish. Congress passed the resolutions for war at the request of President McKinley on April 19; they said "the people of the Island of Cuba are and of right ought to be free and independent," "it is the duty of the United States to demand...that the government of Spain at once relinquish its authority and government in the Island of Cuba and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters." The resolutions added that the U.S. would not lay claim to Cuba but would achieve peace for the Cubans and then leave the island.


Recruits being examined for the new 202nd Regiment at the Broadway Arsenal July 1898. Image source: Buffalo Express Album 1899.

President McKinley ordered all regular army troops sent to the east and west coasts. The 13th Regiment, headquartered at Fort Porter in the city, left for Tampa, Florida on April 19. They were joined by Company E from Fort Niagara.

 


Encampment of the 42nd U.S. Volunteers at Fort Niagara, training for the war, 1898. Image source: private collection.

McKinley also called upon the states to provide soldiers for the coming engagement from their National Guard forces. In Buffalo, the two National Guard units, the 65th and 74th, were polled to determine the level of commitment. Eighty-four percent of the 65th voted to volunteer; seventy percent of the 74th volunteered. The 65th was selected to report to Camp Black at Hempstead, Long Island to begin training. Many from the 74th transferred to the 65th to participate in the anticipated fighting. The Polish daily newspaper put out a call for a mass meeting and over 1,000 volunteers attended. Efforts were made to create a "First Buffalo Regiment" with volunteers coming from out of town to join. Enthusiasm for a war with Spain was very high.

 


Close view of the bell tents at the encampment of the 42nd U.S. Volunteers, Fort Niagara , 1898. Image source: private collection.

Fifty officers and 980 enlisted men, headed by Col. Samuel M. Welch, left Buffalo on May 1, "parading through a number of streets to the Erie Station. The route of the parade was one mass of flags and bunting, the sidewalks were jammed with people, and every window had its full quota of those who were determined to give the soldier boys a hearty farewell. The parade was an ovation from beginning to end and will long be remembered by those who participated in it. The regiment was escorted by a number of Grand Army posts, headed by Mayor Conrad Diehl and other city officials, various civic and military organizations, among the latter a number of members of the Seventy-fourth Regiment in citizens' dress, with their band and drum corps in uniform; the Buffalo City Cadets, Buffalo Troop, Gordon Highlanders, and Italian and Polish companies. There were great demonstrations in Jamestown, Hornellsville, and Olean when the separate companies from those towns departed." New York Times

 

Use the slider bar to move back and forth across this wide view of the 42nd U.S. Volunteers breaking camp at Fort Niagara, 1898.

As part of his continuing reminisciences, Buffalonian Charles S. Illingsworth wrote the following in the Summer 1957 Niagara Frontier quarterly:

We were all excited about the Spanish War. There was no question in our minds who would win. We would go to Fort Porter, at the Front, to watch the soldiers drill.

When McKinley called for volunteers, the two National Guard regiments, the 74th and 65th, took a vote. The majority of the 65th voted to enlist but the 74th voted not to go. When the results became known, the 65th were hailed as heroes and the 74th called cowards.

I was excited by all the talk about our navy and the battleship Oregon, and started building battleships and gunboats, using smooth boards for the hull, oblong blocks for the deck house, and pieces sawed from wooden curtain poles for smoke stacks. I whittled small pieces of wood into cannons, covering them with shoe polish. This was a lot of work and when finished did not look like the pictures of the boats they were intended to represent.

So I bought at Knox's toy sail boats for 10c; by removing the mast I had gained a real hull. Then it was not too much work to fasten on the upper works and smokestack and attach empty shotgun shells for cannon. Now the finished product could be recognized as a war ship.

A local weekly magazine called, I believe, Truth, was sold at news stands for 5c, containing in each issue a double-page color picture of a ship of our navy. I bought a copy each week, removed the center picture and fastened it to the walls of the ballroom with pins, until I had about twenty of them.

The regiment of the regular U.S. Army stationed at Fort Porter was ordered to the front. On the day they left they paraded down Niagara Street to Main, down Main to Exchange, and Exchange to the New York Central depot, where they entrained. Chet Stanley, Miller, and I went down to watch the parade, at Main and Seneca Streets.*

It was a thrilling site. A band played "A Hot Time in the Old Town" and the soldiers in their blue uniforms, campaign hats, and leggings, their blankets neatly rolled over one shoulder and across their chest, the barrels of the rifles shining, marched in platoon front, the line stretching from curb to curb.

Then the flag waving in the breeze, with the color guard on each side, head up, eyes straight ahead, walking proud and erect, made you feel you were glad to be an American.

Flags hung from windows along the line of march, crowds lined the sidewalks, applauding, cheering, and waving handkerchiefs. As the flat passed, men doffed their hats, and the crowd grew silent for a moment, as we suddenly realized that these soldiers were going to war, to shoot bullets at a foe, and to be shot at, perhaps wounded or killed. It was a sobering thought.

*ed. note: The 13th from Fort Porter was not able to have a parade because of rainy weather and instead loaded their cars from Niagara Street. It's likely Mr. Illingsworth is recalling the parade of the 65th on May 10.

For photos of Camp Black, which include photos of the 65th, look here.

One newspaper commentator questioned the usefulness of untrained volunteers but was brushed off. In fact, the brevity of the war, the lack of readiness on the part of the professional army for managing 30,000 volunteer soldiers in camps like Camp Alger where the 65th would spend the summer of 1898, and the lack of military discipline among the volunteers would result in more casualties from disease than from combat.

To Spanish-American War & Buffalo, Part 2

 

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